DAY 9: Study Vibes in Korean — Exams, Vocabulary Struggles & Favorite Study Spots

🌸 What You’ll Learn

🌸 10 Key Korean Sentences

🌸 Key Vocabulary & Expressions

• 시험: exam/test

• 이제: now / from now

• 일주일: one week

• 앞으로: from now on / in the future / ahead

• 다가오다: to approach/come closer

• 시험을 잘 보다: to do well on an exam

• 계속해서: continuously / ongoing

• 장학금: scholarship

• 받다: to receive

• 특히: especially/particularly

• 단어: vocabulary/word

• 외우다: to memorize

• 어렵다: to be difficult

• 비법: secret method/tip

• 댓글: comment

• 알려 주다: to let someone know/inform

• 주로: mainly/usually

• 어디에서: where (location)

• 공부하다: to study

• 도저히: absolutely (not)/by no means

• 집중하다: to focus/concentrate

• 자꾸: keep doing/repeatedly

• 인터넷을 보다: to browse the internet

• 도서관: library

• 카페: café

• 먹다: to eat

• 마시다: to drink

• 냄새: smell/scent

• 즐겁다: to be enjoyable/fun

🌸 Grammar Breakdown

1. ~ 아야 / 어야 / 해야

• ~ 아야 / 어야 / 해야:
This essential grammar pattern helps you talk about things you must do or requirements you need to meet.

• Usage #1:
• When ~아야 / ~어야 is used without ending or other helper verb, it often acts as a condition, meaning “only if” or “unless.”
• Format: Verb stem + 아야 / 어야 / 해야 + (next clause)
• Meaning: The second action will only happen if the first condition is met.
• Example:
• 열심히 공부해야 시험에 합격할 수 있어요.
→ Only if you study hard, you can pass the exam.
• 연습을 많이 해야 실력이 늘어요.
→ You’ll improve only if you practice a lot.

• 💡 이번 시험을 잘 봐야, 계속해서 장학금을 받을 수가 있어요.
→ Only if I do well on this exam, I can continue receiving my scholarship

2. ~ㄹ/을 수가 있다

• ~ㄹ/을 수 있다
• Can / be able to ~
• This pattern is used to express ability or possibility.
It shows that someone has the skill, permission, or opportunity to do something.
• Dictionary form: ㄹ(을) 수 있다
Polite form (present tense): ㄹ(을) 수 있어요
Polite form (past tense): ㄹ(을) 수 있었어요

• ~ㄹ/을 수 있다 vs ~ㄹ/을 수가 있다
• Both mean "can/be able to,"
• ~ㄹ/을 수 있어요
• Neutral expression of ability or possibility
• Just states that something is possible.
• Used in general or objective situations.
• ~ㄹ/을 수가 있어요
• ~ㄹ/을 수가 있다 adds emphasis and conditionality. The particle 가 (subject marker) makes it stronger and more specific.
• "I CAN do it" or "It's POSSIBLE to do it" emphasized possibility, often used when there's a specific condition

• 💡이번 시험을 잘 봐야, 계속해서 장학금을 받을 수가 있어요.→ Only if I do well on this exam will I actually be able to keep my scholarship

• Verb stem + ㄹ/을 수 있다

• 이해할 수 있어요. → I can understand it.

• 도저히 이해할 수가 없어요. → I just can’t understand it at all.

• 그걸 내가 어떻게 알 수가 있어요? → How am I supposed to know that?

• 그렇게 해서 성공할 수가 없어요. → There's no way you can succeed like that.

2. Verb phrase + Noun modifier + 것

• ‘게’ is a contraction of ‘것이’ (이 = subject marker)

• Verb + noun modifier+ 것 → "the act of doing ~”

• Action verb + 는 + 것 → the act of ~ing in the present

• 💡 저는 특히 단어 외우는 게 너무 어려워요. → For me, memorizing vocabulary is especially difficult.

• Action verb + 는 (noun modifier, present tense)+ 것

• 공부하는 것이 재미있어요. → Studying is fun.

• 요리하는 것을 좋아해요. → I like cooking.

• Different functions of 것
In Korean, ‘것’ can mean “thing,” function like an English gerund or to-infinitive, and turn entire clauses into nouns—just like “that” or “what” in English.
For more details, take a look at the table below.
🍅 Table of the Different Functions of ‘것 🍅

Function	ㅤ	Example	Literal	Natural
Noun	Demonstrative pronoun, thing	이것은 책상이에요 새로운 것을 배우고 싶어요 예쁜 것을 사고 싶어요	This thing is a desk. I want to learn new thing. I want to buy pretty thing.	This is a desk. I want to learn something new I want to buy something pretty
Verb Nominalization (works like gerunds or to-infinitives)	Turns verbs into noun phrases (like gerunds or to-infinitives in English)	운동하는 것이 취미에요 운동하는 것을 좋아해요 제 꿈은 의사가 되는 것이에요. 새로운 언어를 배우는 것은 시간이 걸린다.	Exercising is my hobby. I like exercising. My dream is to become a doctor. To learn a new language takes time.	ㅤ
Clause Wrapper (that)	Turns a full sentence into a noun clause (like ‘that…’ in English)	어제 그 사람이 그렇게 행동한 것은 정말 이상했어요 우리가 한국에 여행간 것은 좋은 경험이었어요 나는 그가 거짓말 한 것을 알아요	That he acted that way was really strange. That we went to Korea was a good experience I know that he lied	It was really strange that he acted that way. Our trip to Korea was a really good experience.
Clause Wrapper (what)	function as the relative pronoun	엄마가 만든 것이 최고예요. 어제 산 것을 보여 줄게요. 좋아하는 것을 골라보세요.	What my mom made is the best I'll show you what I got yesterday Choose what you want	ㅤ

• A verb phrase often appears before ‘것.’ When it does, you need to turn that verb into a noun modifier form.
• When a verb describes a noun in Korean, you need a noun modifier — just like saying “the book that I read” or “the person who is coming” in English.
They help you turn actions or descriptions into modifiers for nouns, giving more detail about the thing or person you're talking about.
Its form depends on the verb’s type and tense. You can explore the tables below for both a simple overview and a detailed breakdown.
• The table below gives you an overview of Noun Modifier
🍅 Simple Summary Table for Noun Modifiers 🍅

Ending	When to Use	Example	Meaning
~는	Present tense (Action Verbs)	먹는 음식	the food I'm eating
~ㄴ / ~은	Past tense (Verbs)	먹은 음식 / 본 영화	the food I ate / the movie I saw
~ㄹ / ~을	Future tense (Verbs)	먹을 음식 / 볼 영화	food to eat / movie to watch
~던 / ~았던 / ~었던 / ~했던	Past habit or background action	갔던 곳 / 먹었던 곳	the place I went / the place I ate
~ㄴ / ~은	Present tense (Descriptive Verbs)	큰 가방 / 작은 가방	a big bag / a small bag
~았던 / ~었던 / ~했던	Past state (Descriptive Verbs)	작았던 방 / 예뻤던 방	the room that used to be small/pretty
~ㄹ / ~을	Future guess or appearance (Descriptive Verbs)	예쁠 것 같은 옷 / 작을 것 같은 옷	clothes that look pretty/small
~인	Present (Noun + 이다)	선생님인 친구	a friend who is a teacher
~였던 / ~이었던	Past (Noun + 이다)	의사였던 친구 / 학생이었던 친구	a friend who used to be a doctor/student
~일	Future (Noun + 이다)	선생님일 나의 아내	my wife who will be a teacher

• If you want to see how Noun Modifier forms change more specifically, take a look at the table below.
🍅 Detailed Pattern Table for Noun Modifiers 🍅
Verb Type	Tense	Ending	Rule	Example	Meaning
Action Verb	Present	+ 는	stem + 는	먹는 음식	the food I’m eating
Action Verb	Past	+ ㄴ/은	vowel-ending stem + ㄴ consonant-ending stem + 은	본 영화 먹은 음식	the movie I saw the food I ate
Action Verb	Future	+ ㄹ(을)	vowel-ending stem + ㄹ ㄹ-ending stem + consonant (except ㄹ)-ending stem + 을	볼 영화 놀 계획 먹을 음식	movie to watch plans to hang out food to eat
Action Verb	Temporary Habitual Action in the Past	+ 던 (-았던/었던/했던)	ㅏ/ㅗ vowel stem + 았던 other vowel stem + 었던 하다 verb → 했던	갔던 곳 먹었던 곳 공부했던 곳	the place I went to the place I ate the place where I studied
Descriptive Verb	Present	+ ㄴ/은	vowel-ending stem + ㄴ consonant-ending stem + 은	큰 가방 작은 가방	a big bag a small bag
Descriptive Verb	Temporary State in the Past	+ 던 (-았던/었던)	ㅏ/ㅗ vowel stem + 았던 other vowel stem + 었던	작았던 방 예뻤던 방	the room that used to be small the room that used to be pretty
Descriptive Verb	Future	+ ㄹ(을)	vowel-ending stem + ㄹ ㄹ-ending stem + consonant (except ㄹ)-ending stem + 을	예쁠 것 같은 옷 길 것 같은 옷 작을 것 같은 옷	Clothes that look like they’ll be pretty Clothes that look like they’ll be long Clothes that look like they’ll be small
Noun+이다 verb	Present	+ ㄴ	Noun+인	선생님인 친구	a friend who is a teacher
Noun+이다 verb	Past	+었던	vowel-ending noun + 였던 consonant-ending noun + 이었던	의사였던 친구 선생님이었던 친구	a friend who used to be a doctor a friend who was a teacher
Noun+이다 verb	Future	+ ㄹ	Noun+일	영원히 가장 소중한 친구일 나의 아내	My wife, who will forever be my most precious friend
⚠️ The ending “–일” is grammatically correct, but it’s rarely used in everyday conversation.
It sounds a bit formal or literary, and more common alternatives are usually preferred in spoken Korean.

3. Verb + Noun modifier + Noun

• 💡 이번 시험을 잘 봐야, 계속해서 장학금을 받을 수가 있어요.
• 받(다) + 을(Noun modifier, future tense) + 수가 있어요
• Only if I do well on this exam can I continue receiving my scholarship.
💡 저는 특히 단어 외우는 게 너무 어려워요.
• 외우(다) + 는(Noun modifier, present tense) + 게
• Memorizing vocabulary is especially hard for me
💡 단어 외우는 비법이 있으면 댓글로 좀 알려 주세요.
• 외우(다) + 는(Noun modifier, present tense) + 비법
• If you have any tips for memorizing vocabulary, please share them in the comments!
💡 카페에서는 먹거나 마시면서 공부할 수 있어서 좋아요.
• 공부하(다) + ㄹ(Noun modifier, future tense) + 수 있어서 좋아요
• I like cafés because I can study while having something to eat or drink
💡 또 커피 냄새가 너무 좋아서 공부를 좀 더 즐겁게 할 수 있는 거 같아요.
• 하(다) + ㄹ(Noun modifier, future tense) + 수 있는 거 같아요.
• Also, because I love the smell of coffee, I think I can enjoy studying a little more

• When a verb describes a noun in Korean, you need a noun modifier — just like saying “the book that I read” or “the person who is coming” in English.
They help you turn actions or descriptions into modifiers for nouns, giving more detail about the thing or person you're talking about.
Its form depends on the verb’s type and tense. You can explore the tables below for both a simple overview and a detailed breakdown.

• The table below gives you an overview of Noun Modifier
🍅 Simple Summary Table for Noun Modifiers 🍅

Ending	When to Use	Example	Meaning
~는	Present tense (Action Verbs)	먹는 음식	the food I'm eating
~ㄴ / ~은	Past tense (Verbs)	먹은 음식 / 본 영화	the food I ate / the movie I saw
~ㄹ / ~을	Future tense (Verbs)	먹을 음식 / 볼 영화	food to eat / movie to watch
~던 / ~았던 / ~었던 / ~했던	Past habit or background action	갔던 곳 / 먹었던 곳	the place I went / the place I ate
~ㄴ / ~은	Present tense (Descriptive Verbs)	큰 가방 / 작은 가방	a big bag / a small bag
~았던 / ~었던 / ~했던	Past state (Descriptive Verbs)	작았던 방 / 예뻤던 방	the room that used to be small/pretty
~ㄹ / ~을	Future guess or appearance (Descriptive Verbs)	예쁠 것 같은 옷 / 작을 것 같은 옷	clothes that look pretty/small
~인	Present (Noun + 이다)	선생님인 친구	a friend who is a teacher
~였던 / ~이었던	Past (Noun + 이다)	의사였던 친구 / 학생이었던 친구	a friend who used to be a doctor/student
~일	Future (Noun + 이다)	선생님일 나의 아내	my wife who will be a teacher

• If you want to see how Noun Modifier forms change more specifically, take a look at the table below.
🍅 Detailed Pattern Table for Noun Modifiers 🍅
Verb Type	Tense	Ending	Rule	Example	Meaning
Action Verb	Present	+ 는	stem + 는	먹는 음식	the food I’m eating
Action Verb	Past	+ ㄴ/은	vowel-ending stem + ㄴ consonant-ending stem + 은	본 영화 먹은 음식	the movie I saw the food I ate
Action Verb	Future	+ ㄹ(을)	vowel-ending stem + ㄹ ㄹ-ending stem + consonant (except ㄹ)-ending stem + 을	볼 영화 놀 계획 먹을 음식	movie to watch plans to hang out food to eat
Action Verb	Temporary Habitual Action in the Past	+ 던 (-았던/었던/했던)	ㅏ/ㅗ vowel stem + 았던 other vowel stem + 었던 하다 verb → 했던	갔던 곳 먹었던 곳 공부했던 곳	the place I went to the place I ate the place where I studied
Descriptive Verb	Present	+ ㄴ/은	vowel-ending stem + ㄴ consonant-ending stem + 은	큰 가방 작은 가방	a big bag a small bag
Descriptive Verb	Temporary State in the Past	+ 던 (-았던/었던)	ㅏ/ㅗ vowel stem + 았던 other vowel stem + 었던	작았던 방 예뻤던 방	the room that used to be small the room that used to be pretty
Descriptive Verb	Future	+ ㄹ(을)	vowel-ending stem + ㄹ ㄹ-ending stem + consonant (except ㄹ)-ending stem + 을	예쁠 것 같은 옷 길 것 같은 옷 작을 것 같은 옷	Clothes that look like they’ll be pretty Clothes that look like they’ll be long Clothes that look like they’ll be small
Noun+이다 verb	Present	+ ㄴ	Noun+인	선생님인 친구	a friend who is a teacher
Noun+이다 verb	Past	+었던	vowel-ending noun + 였던 consonant-ending noun + 이었던	의사였던 친구 선생님이었던 친구	a friend who used to be a doctor a friend who was a teacher
Noun+이다 verb	Future	+ ㄹ	Noun+일	영원히 가장 소중한 친구일 나의 아내	My wife, who will forever be my most precious friend
⚠️ The ending “–일” is grammatically correct, but it’s rarely used in everyday conversation.
It sounds a bit formal or literary, and more common alternatives are usually preferred in spoken Korean.

4. ~(으)면

• Condition Connector

• Use ~(으)면 to talk about conditions. It’s like saying “if” or “when” in English.

• 💡 비법이 있으면 → If you have tips
💡 집에 있으면 → When I’m at home

• 시간이 있으면 도와줄게요. (있 + 으면) → If I have time, I’ll help you.

• 비가 오면 우산을 써요. (오 + 면) → If it rains, I use an umbrella.

• 창문을 열면, 시원해요. (열 + 면) → If you open the window, it feels cool.

• 학생이면, 할인돼요. (이 + 면) → If you’re a student, you get a discount.

5. ~(으)시나요?

• Honorific Question Ending

• The ending ~시나요? is a polite and honorific way to ask a question in Korean.

• It’s used when you want to show respect to the listener — especially older people, strangers, or in formal situations.

• This structure combines two grammar points:
• 시: the honorific marker (shows respect)
• ~나요?: a soft, polite question ending

• 💡 여러분은 주로 어디에서 공부하시나요? → Where do you usually study?

• Verb stem + ~(으)시 + 나요?

• 지금 어디에 가시나요? → Where are you going now?

• 친구를 기다리시나요? → Are you waiting for a friend?

• 무슨 책을 읽으시나요? → Which book are you reading?

• What's the difference between 해결하시나요? and 해결하세요?

Aspect	해결하시나요?	해결하세요?
Grammar Structure	-시- (honorific) + -나요 (question ending)	하다 + -세요 (polite ending)
Politeness Level	High formal honorific	Standard polite form
Formality	Very formal	Formal but friendly
Usage Context	• Official presentations/speeches • Academic/professional settings • When high respect is required • Formal group discussions	• Daily conversations • Talking with friends/colleagues • Casual group discussions • YouTube & friendly content
Tone	Respectful and courteous	Friendly yet polite
Target Audience	People you should show respect to	Peers or friendly acquaintances
Nuance	"I respectfully inquire”	"I'm curious, so I'm asking”

6. ~더라고요

• ~더라고요 is used when the speaker talks about something they personally experienced or realized in the past.

• It carries the nuance of personal realization, not just a factual statement.

• It's commonly used in everyday, conversational Korean.

• In English, it’s similar to saying “I found that…” or “It turns out…”.

• 💡 저는 집에서는 공부가 도저히 안되더라고요. → I realized I just can’t focus when I study at home.

• Verb stem + 더라고요

• Nagative: 안 + verb stem + 더라고요
• Positive: 하(다) + 더라고요 → I noticed (that) (someone) did (something)
• Nagative: 안 + 하(다) + 더라고요.→ I noticed (that) (someone) didn’t do (something)

• 그 친구가 숙제를 하더라고요. → I saw that he did the homework.

• 그 친구가 숙제를 안 하더라고요. → I noticed he didn’t do the homework.

• 그 영화 생각보다 재미있더라고요. → That movie was actually more fun than I expected.

• 그 식당 음식이 정말 맛있더라고요. → I found out the food at that restaurant is really delicious.

7. ~ 게 되다

• To end up ~ / To come to ~ / It turns out that ~
→ Used to express a change of state, or that something happened unintentionally or naturally (not by direct decision).

• 💡 인터넷을 보게 돼요. → I end up browsing the internet.

• Verb stem + 게 되다

• Base form: Verb stem + 게 되다
Polite form (present tense): Verb stem + 게 돼요 (돼요 is contraction of 되어요)
Polite form (past tense): Verb stem + 게 됐어요 (됐어요 is contraction of 되었어요)

• 가다 → 가게 되다 to end up going

• 알다 → 알게 되다 to come to know

• 한국에서 살게 되었어요. → I ended up living in Korea.

8. ~ 거나

• The particle ~거나 is used to connect two verbs and means "or" in English.

• It shows a choice between two or more actions or states.

• 💡 먹거나 마시고 싶어요. → I want to eat or drink something.

• Verb stem + 거나

• 영화를 보거나 음악을 들어요. → I watch movies or listen to music.

• 걷거나 뛰거나 해서 운동해요. → I exercise by walking or running.

• 운동을 하거나 산책을 하세요 → "Do some exercise or go for a walk.

• 이것은 사과이거나 배일거 같은데요? → This seems like it might be an apple or a pear

• The particle ~거나 is used to connect two verbs, but if you want to connect two nouns, you use ~(이)나.
🍅 About ~(이)나 🍅
• Form:

Noun Type	Attach this	Example
Vowel-ending Noun	+ 나	사과 + 나 → 사과나
Consonant-ending Noun	+ 이나	물 + 이나 → 물이나
• Example:
• 사과나 바나나 드세요. → Please have an apple or a banana.
• 물이나 주스 마셨어요. → I drank water or juice.

9. ~ (으)면서

• Connector for Simultaneous Actions

• Use ~(으)면서 to say that two actions are happening at the same time.

• It means “while doing…” or “as (someone) does…” in English.

• 💡 마시면서 공부할 수 있다 → I can study while drinking.

• Verb Stem + ~(으)면서

• 도시에서 살면서 많은 걸 배웠어요. (살 + 면서) → I learned a lot while living in the city.

• 학교에 가면서 음악을 들어요. (가 + 면서) → I listen to music while going to school.

• 밥을 먹으면서 TV를 봐요. (먹 + 으면서) → I watch TV while eating.

10. ~아서 / ~어서 / ~ 해서 / ~ (이)라서

• Reason Connector & Sequence Connector

• Gives a reason or Connects two actions (“so” / “and then”)

• 💡 카페에서는 먹거나 마시면서 공부할 수 있어서 좋아요. (Reason Connector)
→ I like studying at cafés because I can eat or drink while I study.
💡 또 커피 냄새가 너무 좋아서 공부를 좀 더 즐겁게 할 수 있는 거 같아요. (Reason Connector)
→ Plus, the coffee aroma is really pleasant, so studying feels a bit more fun.

• 배가 아파서 병원에 갔어요. → My stomach hurt, so I went to the hospital.

• 늦어서 미안해요. → I’m sorry because I’m late.

• 피곤해서 일찍 잤어요. → I was tired, so I went to bed early.

• 간호사라서 바빠요. → I’m busy because I’m a nurse.

• 학생이라서 바빠요. → I’m busy because I’m a student.

• 맛있게 요리해서 먹었어요 → I cooked a delicious meal and ate it

• 도서관에 가서 책을 보았어요 → I went to the library and read a book.

11. ~것 같다

• Use ~것 같다 to express your guess, opinion, or impression based on what you see, hear, feel, or know.
You’re not 100% certain — you're making a judgment based on a situation or observation.
• It's like saying:
• "It seems like..."
• "It looks like..."
• "I think..."
• Base form: ~것 같다
Polite form (present tense): ~ 것 같아요
• In casual speech, it’s often pronounced “거 같아요”
• Why do we add ‘는’ to ‘할 수 있’?
We add “는” to “할 수 있” to turn the verb into a noun modifier, describing “것” (thing). The phrase “할 수 있는 것” means “the thing that (I) can do.” We use “는” here because it indicates present tense, showing that this is something possible right now or in general — not something in the past or future. So the full sentence, “It seems like I can study more enjoyably,” expresses a current or general feeling based on the pleasant smell of coffee.

• 💡 또 커피 냄새가 너무 좋아서 공부를 좀 더 즐겁게 할 수 있는 것 같아요. → Also, the smell of coffee is so nice that I feel like I can study more enjoyably

• Verb stem + Noun modifier + 것 같다

• 비가 오는 것 같아요. → It seems like it’s raining.

• 친구가 자는 것 같아요. → I think my friend is sleeping.

• 사람들이 많이 기다리는 것 같아요. → It looks like a lot of people are waiting.

• When a verb describes a noun in Korean, you need a noun modifier — just like saying “the book that I read” or “the person who is coming” in English.
They help you turn actions or descriptions into modifiers for nouns, giving more detail about the thing or person you're talking about.
Its form depends on the verb’s type and tense. You can explore the tables below for both a simple overview and a detailed breakdown.

• The table below gives you an overview of Noun Modifier
🍅 Simple Summary Table for Noun Modifiers 🍅

Ending	When to Use	Example	Meaning
~는	Present tense (Action Verbs)	먹는 음식	the food I'm eating
~ㄴ / ~은	Past tense (Verbs)	먹은 음식 / 본 영화	the food I ate / the movie I saw
~ㄹ / ~을	Future tense (Verbs)	먹을 음식 / 볼 영화	food to eat / movie to watch
~던 / ~았던 / ~었던 / ~했던	Past habit or background action	갔던 곳 / 먹었던 곳	the place I went / the place I ate
~ㄴ / ~은	Present tense (Descriptive Verbs)	큰 가방 / 작은 가방	a big bag / a small bag
~았던 / ~었던 / ~했던	Past state (Descriptive Verbs)	작았던 방 / 예뻤던 방	the room that used to be small/pretty
~ㄹ / ~을	Future guess or appearance (Descriptive Verbs)	예쁠 것 같은 옷 / 작을 것 같은 옷	clothes that look pretty/small
~인	Present (Noun + 이다)	선생님인 친구	a friend who is a teacher
~였던 / ~이었던	Past (Noun + 이다)	의사였던 친구 / 학생이었던 친구	a friend who used to be a doctor/student
~일	Future (Noun + 이다)	선생님일 나의 아내	my wife who will be a teacher

• If you want to see how Noun Modifier forms change more specifically, take a look at the table below.
🍅 Detailed Pattern Table for Noun Modifiers 🍅
Verb Type	Tense	Ending	Rule	Example	Meaning
Action Verb	Present	+ 는	stem + 는	먹는 음식	the food I’m eating
Action Verb	Past	+ ㄴ/은	vowel-ending stem + ㄴ consonant-ending stem + 은	본 영화 먹은 음식	the movie I saw the food I ate
Action Verb	Future	+ ㄹ(을)	vowel-ending stem + ㄹ ㄹ-ending stem + consonant (except ㄹ)-ending stem + 을	볼 영화 놀 계획 먹을 음식	movie to watch plans to hang out food to eat
Action Verb	Temporary Habitual Action in the Past	+ 던 (-았던/었던/했던)	ㅏ/ㅗ vowel stem + 았던 other vowel stem + 었던 하다 verb → 했던	갔던 곳 먹었던 곳 공부했던 곳	the place I went to the place I ate the place where I studied
Descriptive Verb	Present	+ ㄴ/은	vowel-ending stem + ㄴ consonant-ending stem + 은	큰 가방 작은 가방	a big bag a small bag
Descriptive Verb	Temporary State in the Past	+ 던 (-았던/었던)	ㅏ/ㅗ vowel stem + 았던 other vowel stem + 었던	작았던 방 예뻤던 방	the room that used to be small the room that used to be pretty
Descriptive Verb	Future	+ ㄹ(을)	vowel-ending stem + ㄹ ㄹ-ending stem + consonant (except ㄹ)-ending stem + 을	예쁠 것 같은 옷 길 것 같은 옷 작을 것 같은 옷	Clothes that look like they’ll be pretty Clothes that look like they’ll be long Clothes that look like they’ll be small
Noun+이다 verb	Present	+ ㄴ	Noun+인	선생님인 친구	a friend who is a teacher
Noun+이다 verb	Past	+었던	vowel-ending noun + 였던 consonant-ending noun + 이었던	의사였던 친구 선생님이었던 친구	a friend who used to be a doctor a friend who was a teacher
Noun+이다 verb	Future	+ ㄹ	Noun+일	영원히 가장 소중한 친구일 나의 아내	My wife, who will forever be my most precious friend
⚠️ The ending “–일” is grammatically correct, but it’s rarely used in everyday conversation.
It sounds a bit formal or literary, and more common alternatives are usually preferred in spoken Korean.

🌸 Extra Cultural or Language Notes

• In Korea, studying at cafés is super popular — especially among students and exam takers.

• Many cafés offer long tables, free Wi-Fi, and power outlets. Some even provide quiet “study zones” or allow overnight studying during midterms!

• Popular Korean study locations include:
• 도서관 (library) - quiet and free
• 카페 (café) - casual with food/drinks
• 스터디 카페 (study café) - A modern, student-friendly café space designed specifically for studying.
• 독서실 (reading room) - A more traditional and strictly quiet space for focused study — commonly used by exam-takers in Korea.